Thrombopoietin of the liver is like Erythropoietin of the kidney.

✅ Failure of kidney ➡️ Anemia.

✅ Failure of liver ➡️ Thrombocytopenia.

However,

"Despite thrombocytopenia in liver disease, there is an increased risk of thrombosis".

Why there is increased risk of THROMBOSIS in liver disease despite having thrombocytopenia?

⬇️

1. Reduced synthesis of anticoagulant proteins, such as protein C, protein S, and antithrombin, by the damaged liver cells.

2. Increased levels of factor VIII, a procoagulant protein, due to reduced clearance by the dysfunctional liver and increased production by the inflamed endothelium.

3. Activation of the coagulation cascade by endotoxins, cytokines, and tissue factor released from the injured liver or bacterial translocation.

4. Impaired fibrinolysis due to increased levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and decreased levels of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).

5. Reduced blood flow and increased viscosity in the portal vein due to porta hypertension, splenomegaly, and hypersplenism.

⬇️

How chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases the risk of thrombosis ?

1. Altered Clotting Factors: CKD disrupts the balance of clotting and anti-clotting factors in the blood, favoring a pro-thrombotic environment.

2. Endothelial Dysfunction: Impaired kidney function can lead to dysfunction of the blood vessel lining (endothelium), promoting clot formation.

3. Inflammation and Immunity: CKD can disturb the balance of inflammatory and immune responses, contributing to an increased tendency for clotting.

4. Platelet Abnormalities: CKD can cause abnormalities in platelet function, making them more likely to form clots.

5. Reduced Blood Flow: Kidney dysfunction may reduce blood flow, leading to stagnation and clot formation in blood vessels.

6. Metabolic Imbalances: CKD-related metabolic changes can promote a pro-thrombotic state, increasing the risk of clotting.

7. Anticoagulant Deficiency: CKD may reduce levels of natural anticoagulants in the blood, further enhancing clotting potential.

8. Vascular Calcification: CKD-related mineral imbalances can lead to vascular calcification, which contributes to clot formation.

CKD also increases the risk of thrombosis.

Comments

Health Benefits Of Nitric Oxide Containing Food

Explore The Powerful Health Benefits Of Nitric Oxide Containing Food If you're looking to boost your overall health and vitality, it's worth exploring the incredible benefits of consuming foods that are rich in nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is a natural molecule that our bodies produce to help with various functions, including blood flow, cardiovascular health, athletic performance, and brain function. Incorporating nitric oxide-rich foods into your diet can be an effective way to enhance these areas of your health. Before we delve into the health benefits of nitric oxide-containing foods, let's first understand what nitric oxide is and how it works in our bodies. Nitric oxide is a gas that's produced by the lining of blood vessels, and it helps to relax and widen those vessels, improving blood flow and oxygen delivery throughout the body. It also plays a role in various other functions, including immune system regulation, neurotransmitter release, and muscle growth and ...

Mpox A Public Health Emergency

A major turning point has been reached in the fight against the resurgent viral disease Mpox with the announcement by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) of Mpox as a worldwide public health emergency. The declaration highlights the urgent need for coordinated global action, especially in areas like Africa where access to life-saving treatments like vaccines remains limited and the health infrastructure is frequently strained. Mpox: An Emerging Worldwide Threat Long endemic in some regions of Central and West Africa, mpox was formerly known as monkeypox. But subsequent outbreaks in non-endemic areas have sparked concerns, prompting the designation of a worldwide public health emergency. Fever, rash, and enlarged lymph nodes are the disease's hallmarks. It can cause serious consequences and even death, especially in susceptible groups such as young children, pregnant mothers, and people...

Hypertensive Emergencies Algorithm

HTN Emergency is when a patient has high blood pressure (especially if >180/120mmhg) with features of progressive or impending end organ damage. Monitor, support ABCs, check vital signs, start oxygen if SPO2 is <94% establish IV access and send samples for CBC, UECS, urinalysis (for proteinuria) and PDT if applicable. Obtain/review 12 lead ECG, perform a brief, targeted history and physical exam, Consult a physician or obstetrician for eclampsia. Neurological emergencies: Hypertensive Encephalopathy-Reduce MAP immediately by 20%-25%. Drugs- labetalol, nicardipine, nitroprusside. Acute ischemic stroke-In patients with markedly raised blood pressure-(>220/120) who do not receive fibrinolysis, a reasonable goal is to lower blood pressure by 25% in the first 24 hours after onset of stroke. With indication for fibrinolysis with a bp >185/110mmhg, reduce MAP by 15% in the first hour. Drugs- labetalol, nicardipine, nitroprusside. If BP...

Acute asthma exacerbation management

Asthma is a common chronic disease worldwide and affects approximately 25 million persons in the United States. It is the most common chronic disease in childhood, affecting an estimated 6 million US children. The pathophysiology of asthma is complex and involves airway inflammation, intermittent airflow obstruction, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Signs and symptoms of asthma include the following: *Wheezing *Coughing *Shortness of breath *Chest tightness/pain Other nonspecific symptoms in infants or young children may be a history of recurrent bronchitis, bronchiolitis, or pneumonia; a persistent cough with colds; and/or recurrent croup or chest rattling. Oxygen should be provide to all patients with severe asthma including those with normal saturations. Maintain SPO2 at >92%. Support ABCs Initiate treatment of underlying cause. Check PEF (Peak Expiratory Flow) and record predicted or best PEF. Do not measure PEF in patients with impending /actual respiratory, ...

Animal and Human Bites management

ANIMAL BITES If rabies is a concern scrub the wound with soap and water for at least 15 minutes then rinse and apply a disinfectant eg: povidone iodine as soon as possible after exposure. Pre-emptive early antibiotic therapy for 3-5 days is recommended for patients who: • are immunocompromised • are asplenic • have advanced liver disease • have preexisting or resultant edema of the affected areas • have injuries that may have penetrated the periosteum or joint capsule. All Human Bites should receive: • Prophylactic antibiotics • Consider postexposure prophylaxis for HIV within 72 hours. • Hepatitis B vaccine preferably≤ 24 hours if not previously immunized. Treatment: DO NOT SUTURE ANIMAL AND HUMANBITES The wounds should be irrigated copiously, dressed, left open to drain, and examined daily to detect signs of infection. During the first few days after injury, elevation of the swollen injured body part, especially if swollen, accelerates healing.This should be accompli...

Health Guide

Search This Blog